What is the significance of cluster differentiation cd markers

Table 3. A list of abbreviations can be found inside the back cover of this book. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Immunology Guidebook. Published online May 9. Guest Editor s : Julius M. Cruse, Robert E. Lewis, and Huan Wang. Copyright and License information Disclaimer. All rights reserved. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.

Open in a separate window. Figure 3. Mainly expressed on PBL 19ql3. Expressed on myeloid cells and some NK cells 19ql3. Neutralizes HIV infection.

Expressed on immature dendritic cells Provides new reagent for characterizing Langerhans histiocytosis. CD no. Support Center Support Center. External link. Please review our privacy policy. B act , DC act , peritoneal mac act. Non-peptide antigen presenting molecules; involved in lymphocyte activation; related to thymic T cell development. Expressed by a subset of peripheral blood B cells.

Also expressed in peripheral blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, granulocytes. Co-stimulatory molecule; receptor for constitutive CD72 and inducible gp B cell-specific molecules. Adhesion molecule. In thymocyte resistance to apoptosis and in positive selection; important in T mature cell response to both alloantigen and self-antigen. Modulates cell adhesion and migration; triggers platelet activation; expressed on eosinophils and basophils.

Adherence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes to fibrinogen, ICAM-1 endothelium; extravasation; chemotaxis; apoptosis.

Adherence of polymorphonuclear neutrophilis and monocytes to fibrinogen, ICAM-1 endothelium; binds iC3b-coated particles. May be important for direct carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. Expressed on myelomonocytic leukemia, some lyphocytic leukemia cells, and on adenocarcinomas.

CD15 subgroups involved with different carbohydrate to carbohydrate cell adhesion. Low affinity receptor for IgG. Major histocompatibility complex. A critical signal transduction molecule that regulates B cell development, activation and differentiation. Adhesion molecule; signaling molecule; antibody treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Function unknown; homologous to mouse heat stable antigen; P-selectin on human carcinomas is involved in carcinoma binding to platelets.

Co-stimulatory molecule in T cell activation; associated marker of autoimmune diseases, adenosine deaminase-deficiency and HIV pathogenesis. Mediates a co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation. Involved in murine T cell development. Co-stimulates T cell proliferation and cytokine production with CD3; co-stimulates T cell effector function and T cell-dependent antibody production. Adhesion receptor with signaling function that participates in an adhesion cascade; transendothelial migration cell-cell adhesion.

Regulates B cell functions; major player in immune complex-induced tissue damage. Diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia; negative selection for human self-regenerating hematopoietic stern cells.

Cell adhesion; CD34 also expressed on embryonic fibroblasts and nervous tissue. Recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells; involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation; cytoadherence of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Regulates cell activation and proliferation; involved in lymphocyte and endothelial cell adhesion. Involved in B cell growth, differentiation and isotype switching; potent rescue signal from apoptosis; promotes cytokine production.

Anti-adhesion molecules mediates repulsion between leucotyes and other cells; under some circumstances it may act as an adhesion molecule.

An adhesion molecule in lymphocyte-endothelial cell interaction; a differentiation antigen during lymphopoiesis; a potential marker of malignancy and metastasis. Involved in adhesion of leukocytes and endothelial cells; leukocyte homing. Critical requirements for TCR- and BCR-mediated activation; possible requirement for receptor-mediated activation in other leukocytes.

Critical requirement for TCR- and BCR-mediated activation; possible requirement for receptor-mediated activation in other leukocytes. CDw mAbs actually recognized with low affinity the CD47 glycoprotein.

Component of adhesion receptor; associates with TM4 of protein; may be involved in signal transduction. Cell adhesion; lymphocyte migration; tethering or rolling and homing of T cells. Involved in cell adhesion and signal transduction; role in bone metabolism and apoptosis; possible role in infection.

CD52 antibodies are remarkably lytic for target cells, both with human complement and by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Signal transduction; CD53 cross-linking promotes activation of B cells.

Complement regulation by decay acceleration; ligand or protective molecule in fertilization; involved in signal transduction; soluble form can be detected in plasma and body fluid. Mediates adhesion between killer and target cells, antigen-presenting cells and T cells; activation of killer cells; co-stimulatory molecule.

Induces mitochondrial permeability transition during apoptosis; marker for malignant melanomas. T cell activation receptor; T cell activation by CD60c does not require co-stimulatory signals. Mediates leukocyte rolling on activated endothelium at inflammatory sites; may support cell adhesion during hematogenous metastasis and play a role in angiogenesis.

Mediates lymphocyte homing to high endothelial venules or peripheral lymphoid tissue and leukocyte rolling on activated endothelium at inflammatory sites. Interaction of CD62P and CD mediates tethering and rolling of leukocytes on the surface of activated endothelial cells; mediates rolling of platelets on endothelial cells.

CD63 gene may play a role in tumor suppression; expression of CD63 in melanoma cells reduces metastasis. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of IgG-antigen complexes; antigen capture for presentation to T cells.

VIM2 antibody has been described to inhibit phagocytosis and to induce phagocyte calcium flux and oxidative burst. Homophilic and heterophilic adhesion; E-selectin binding; capable of activating granulocytes; functions as a receptor for Neisseria gonorrhea. Capable of heterophilic adhesion and transmembrane signaling; capable of activating neutrophils.

Homophilic and heterophilic adhesion, E-selectin binding; capable of activating granulocytes; functions as a receptor for Neisseria gonorrhea. Capable of activating granulocytes. Functions as a receptor for Neisseria gonorrhea.

Unclear, may be involved in immune regulation and regulation and protection of fetus from maternal immune system; necessary for successful pregnancy.

Lysosomal membrane glycoprotein LAMP 1 group ; possible receptor. Co-stimulates B cell proliferation and Ig production. Plays a role in downregulation of signaling through the BCR on B cells as a regulator of signaling thresholds.

Hydrolyzes adenosine monophosphate into adenosine; can mediate co-stimulatory signals in T cell activation. CD Thrombopoietin receptor TPOR , encoded by the MPL myeloproliferative leukemia virus gene; mutations in gene associated with forms of anemia, myelofibrosis and thrombocythemia. Key role in cellular entry of Herpes simplex virus. Involved in entry for some herpes simplex strains and pseudorabies. Variations in gene linked to severity of multiple sclerosis. It is a receptor, known to be expressed on monocytes and macrophages, for a cytokine called colony stimulating factor 1 CSF1 and also interleukin 34 IL Five Prime has an early stage drug, FPA, that blocks CSF1R in the hope of treating macrophage-dependent diseases including cancers and rheumatoid arthritis - in trials with Nivolumab.

Roche also has an experimental anti-CD mAb, Emactuzumab. Familial hibernian fever is caused by mutations in this gene. Constituent of the drug Enbrel, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. CDa Interleukin-1 receptor type 1, encoded by IL1R1 gene; cytokine receptor CDb Interleukin-1 receptor type 2, encoded by IL1R2 gene; cytokine receptor CD beta subunit of IL-2 receptor CD Also known as interleukin-3 receptor IL-3R , is a molecule found on cells which helps transmit the signal of interleukin-3, a soluble cytokine important in the immune system.

It is found on pluripotent progenitor cells, induces tyrosine phosphorylation within the cell, and promotes proliferation and differentiation within the hematopoietic cell lines. Receptor for both interleukin 4 and interleukin Both drugs thus modulate signaling of the interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 pathways. Gene mutation can cause a rare lung disorder. Gene mutation can cause rare x-linked immunodeficiency. A 5 transmembrane domain protein.

Also known as AC Gene mutations can cause various retinal diseases. Also found in various body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, seminal fluid and urine. Without CD28, OX40 expression is delayed and reduced. OX40 gene mutations can cause a type of immunodeficiency. Gene may be involved in acute myelogenous leukemia AML. Targeted by Bristol Myers' Urelumab, a CD agonist antibody, in early trials with anti-PDL1 CD mAbs; activating CD stimulates an immune response, in particular a cytotoxic T cell response, against tumor cells, though liver toxicity can be a problematic side effect.

CD a plasma cell-surface glycoprotein, known as syndecan Syndecan functions as the alpha receptor for collagen, fibronectin and thrombospondin. A cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. On endothelial cells, it is involved in anticoagulation. It also occurs, with unknown function, on a very rare subtype of dendritic cells. CD Tissue factor, a major initiator of blood-clotting CD Angiotensin-converting enzyme CD VE-Cadherin, a calcium-dependent adhesion molecule at intercellular junctions, found mainly in the vascular endothelium.

Recent research indicates that CD may be present on some leucocytes as well. CDw not assigned? An extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer.

Targeted by drugs such as Ipilimumab for melanoma and other cancers. CD The ligand for CD This is a costimulatory molecule that plays many roles, best known for activating B cells but also known to induce the activation of an APC in association with T cell receptor stimulation by MHC molecules on the APC. Also known as Necl5. BST1 expression is enhanced in bone marrow stromal cell lines derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Thus the cytotoxicity of NK cells is enhanced. In tissues, CD is expressed on all intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. CD shows a broad specificity for binding to both classical and nonclassical MHC class I molecules. A glycoprotein endocytic scavenger receptor for haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes. Involved in anti-inflammatory processes. Soluble form shed upon Toll-like receptor activation. CD Sialomucin core protein 24 MUC24 or endolyn; encoded by CD gene; implicated in hematopoiesis, prostate cancer metastasis and infiltration of bone marrow by cancer cells CD SN2, cell surface glycoprotein used to monitor platelet function; strongly expressed on T cell type acute lymphoblastic cells and most platelets CD activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule ALCAM ; ligand for CD6 and involved in neurite extension CDa Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 1, encoded by DDR1 gene; tyrosine kinase that functions as cell surface receptor for fibrillar collagen; abundant in some carcinomas; CDb Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2, encoded by DDR2 gene; tyrosine kinase that functions as cell surface receptor for fibrillar collagen and regulates cell differentiation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration and cell proliferation.

Required for normal bone development; mutations in gene can cause a form of dwarfism. Binds to axonin on neurons. Gene mutations can cause hydrocephalus. CDa Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SIRPa Signal Regulatory Protein Alpha ; acts as inhibitory transmembrane receptor with CD47 resulting in inhibition of phagocytosis "don't eat me" , stimulation of cell-cell fusion, and T-cell activation.

Immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling processes. Participates also in the recruitment of tyrosine kinase SYK. Binds with CD Its binding with its receptor Fas CD95 induces apoptosis.

CDa Immunoglobulin iota chain, encoded by VPREB1 gene; associates with Ig-mu chain to form complex expressed on surface of pre-B-cells; presumably regulates Ig gene rearrangements during B-cell differentiation.

It is commonly used by HIV as a co-receptor to enter its target cells. The specific ligand of this receptor is CCL CD Also known as OX-2, a type-1 membrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. May regulate myeloid cell activity and delivers an inhibitory signal for the macrophage lineage in diverse tissues. CD is overexpressed by many different types of hematological and solid tumors.

Biotech company Trillium has developed an investigative anti-CD monoclonal antibody. Mutations in this gene have been associated with venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and late fetal loss during pregnancy. The protein is also involved in Plasmodium falciparum malaria as subtypes of the P.

TEK receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed almost exclusively in endothelial cells. The ligand for the receptor is angiopoietin Defects in TEK are associated with inherited venous malformations; the TEK signaling pathway appears to be critical for endothelial cell-smooth muscle cell communication in venous morphogenesis.

Found in uterus, basophils, and mast cells. CD Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 MSR1 or SCARA1; able to mediate endocytosis of modified low density lipoproteins LDLs ; group implicated in macrophage-associated physiological and pathological processes including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and host defense. Also known as DEC CD Also known as mannose receptor C type 1 MC1 and present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells, and surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

Additional functions include clearance of glycoproteins from the circulation. Also known as C-type lectin domain family 4 member K. Langerin is localized in the Birbeck granules, organelles present in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells. A protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMP3 gene. Mutations in the gene implicated in forms of inflammatory bowel disease CDwa Interleukin receptor subunit alpha IL10RA gene is shown to mediate the immunosuppressive signal of interleukin 10 and thus inhibit synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines.

Mutations in the gene implicated in forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Mutation in the gene associated with a form of IBD. Lack of expression found to result in the immunodeficiency of patients with severe mycobacterial and Salmonella infections CDa1 IL13RA1 - Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1; a subunit of the interleukin 13 receptor. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of various metabolic pathways, as well as regulating aspects of the cell cycle, such as cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Mutations in the insulin receptor have been found to be associated with both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. IFITM proteins have been identified as antiviral restriction factors for influenza A virus replication CD A co-stimulatory molecule found on Natural Killer Cells, also potentially responsible for cellular adhesion between a NK cell and its cytolytic target. The protein serves a protective function by binding to pathogens and also functions in a cell signaling capacity.

Used in histopathology, where it is known as EMA epithelial membrane antigen , to identify various tumours etc. More than 20 mutations in the PRNP gene have been identified in people with inherited prion diseases. The associated gene is linked to X-linked mental retardation and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Huntington's chorea, fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy.

The RhD erythrocyte membrane protein is the Rh factor antigen of the Rh blood group system. Mutations in this gene can cause stomatocytosis. CD Also known as 2B4, it encodes a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer NK cells and some T cells mediating non-major histocompatibility complex MHC restricted killing. Thought to modulate NK-cell cytolitic activity.

CD not assigned? ALK plays an important role in the development of the brain. Several ALK-inhibitor drugs are used to treat lung cancer. ALK is also overexpressed in several other tumours. The enzyme degrades vasoconstricting angiotensin II into angiotensin III and so helps to regulate blood pressure. TRAIL is a cytokine produced by most normal tissue cells, causing apoptosis primarily in tumor cells by binding to certain death receptors.

The target of several anti-cancer therapeutics since mids, but these have not shown significant survival benefit.

This receptor is preferentially expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and may be connected to leukemias and lymphomas. Bluebird and Celgene currently have an anti-BCMA early-stage product, bb, due to start trials for multiple myeloma in LNGFR has been implicated as a marker for cancer stem cells in melanoma and other cancers.

Melanoma cells transplanted into an immunodeficient mouse model were shown to require expression of CD in order to grow a melanoma. Thus CD is under investigation as a cell marker for melanoma drugs Anti-PDL1 drugs like Atezolizumab, currently in trials for bladder cancer, work by preventing the inhibition of T-cells. Used as a biomarker in Ipilimumab treatment. Targeted by Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and other monoclonal antibodies in a new class of cancer drugs.

TLR1 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with a specificity for gram-positive bacteria; found on the surface of macrophages and neutrophils; interacts with TLR2 CD TLR2 is a membrane protein, recognizing bacterial, fungal, viral, and certain endogenous substances and passing on appropriate signals to the cells of the immune system.

CD Toll-like receptor 3 TLR3 ; abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of leukocytes. It detects lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria and is thus important in the activation of the innate immune system. This receptor functionally interacts with TLR2 CD to mediate cellular response to bacterial lipoproteins. The DP2 pathway has been suggested as a potential target for baldness treatment.

Variations in the leptin receptor have been associated with obesity and increased susceptibility to Entamoeba histolytica infections. Members of this family share a common protein fold and have diverse functions, such as cell adhesion, cell-cell signalling, glycoprotein turnover, and roles in inflammation and immune response.

CD CD is a C-type lectin receptor involved in cell adhesion and migration, as well as endocytosis and phagocytosis. Activation decreases type I interferon production. On neurons, it is a receptor for axon growth guidance class-3 semaphorins SEMA3A and plexin-1, on endothelial and some tumor cells it is a VEGF receptor, and on plasmacytoid dendritic cells it has a similar role to CD but does not decrease interferon production upon activation.

Inhibitory receptors regulate the immune response to prevent lysis of cells recognized as self. The function of this protein is unknown, though it is thought to be secreted and may help modulate mucosal tolerance. Thought important in viral control as some viruses have adapted mechanisms to evade NKG2D responses. Also, tumor cells that can evade NKG2D responses are more likely to propagate. Expressed in mature B cells, plasma cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and many other cells, only as a response to stimuli from IFN pathway.

Known to block many types of enveloped viruses by tethering the budding virus like particles VLPs and inhibiting them from leaving the cell surface. The phosphorylation of CDCP1 is seen in many cancers, including some pre-invasive cancers as well as in invasive tumors and in tumor metastases.

The functional implications of CDCP1 phosphorylation in tumors is currently under investigation. Acts as an adhesive ligand for interacting with a variety of immune cell types and may play a role in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs.

Mutations loss in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid, and ovarian cancers. It is a transmembrane protein expressed in multiple tissues and functions to mediate cell-cell adhesion. In cardiac muscle, N-cadherin is an integral component in adherens junctions residing at intercalated discs, which function to mechanically and electrically couple adjacent cardiomyocytes.

Alterations in expression and integrity of N-cadherin protein has been observed in various forms of disease, including human dilated cardiomyopathy. Expressed on epithelial cells and on many tumors; used as a target for anti-tumor drugs. CD is expressed in pluripotent stem cells. A receptor tyrosine kinase whose ligands are specific members of the fibroblast growth factor family.

FGFR1 has been shown to be associated with Pfeiffer syndrome. Somatic mutations of the FGFR1 gene occurs in several diseases including breast and lung cancers. Experimental drug Lucitanib from Clovis targets FGFR1, which is over-expressed on some tumor cells causing increased proliferation. FGFR2 has important roles in embryonic development and tissue repair, especially bone and blood vessels. Mutations are associated with numerous medical conditions including abnormal bone development e.

Although specific function is unknown, overexpressed in gynecological tumor samples, suggesting a role in breast and ovarian tumorigenesis. Protein that in humans is encoded by the NCR3 gene. This protein functions as a xenobiotic transporter which may play a role in multi-drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Significant expression observed in placenta, and role protecting fetus from xenobiotics in maternal circulation.

Also protective roles in blocking absorption at the apical membrane of the intestine, blood-testis barrier, blood—brain barrier, and membranes of hematopoietic progenitor and other stem cells. At apical membranes of liver and kidney, enhances excretion of xenobiotics. In lactating mammary gland, role in excreting vitamins such as riboflavin and biotin into milk. One of five cell surface proteins ligands that interact with 4 receptors in the mammalian Notch signaling pathway.

The JAG1 gene is expressed in multiple organ systems in the body and causes the autosomal dominant disorder Alagille syndrome ALGS resulting from loss of function mutations within the gene.

Overexpression plays a role in certain types of breast cancer. It is a biomarker target for breast cancer drugs such as Herceptin. FZD4 signaling induced by Norrin regulates vascular development of vertebrate retina and controls important blood vessels in the ear. The FZD9 gene is located within the Williams syndrome common deletion region of chromosome 7, and heterozygous deletion of the FZD9 gene may contribute to the Williams syndrome phenotype.

Strongly expressed in spleen, thymus, small intestine, peripheral blood leukocyte and in Purkinje neurons in cerebellum. There are several anti-GITR agonist antibodies in early-stage development. Activating the GITR receptor is thought to increase the proliferation and function of effector T cells, particularly in combination with anti-PDL1 antibodies. It is a cytokine receptor for interleukin 21 IL It transduces the growth promoting signal of IL21, and is important for the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer NK cells.

It is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate S1P. S1PR1 activation is involved in immune cell regulation and development; vascular growth and development during embryogenesis; motility of cancer cells; it is also over-expressed in MS lesions. Receptos Celgene has a drug in development, Ozanimod, which modulates S1P1R1 in the treatment of immune-inflammatory diseases MS and ulcerative colitis.

It is believed to work by interfering with S1P signaling, blocking the lymphocyte response to lymph node exit signals by sequestering them within the nodes, and thus reducing circulating lymphocytes and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cell migration to sites of inflammation. Plays critical roles in regulating immune cell activity especially in response to viral infection including HAV, Ebola and Dengue.

TIM-1 is also involved in allergic response, asthma, and transplant tolerance. C-type lectin domain family 4 member A. Welcome to contact us or send an email to for project quotations and more detailed information. Enter your email here to subscribe. Easy access to products and services you need from our library via powerful searching tools. Patient Handouts on Cluster of differentiation. Directions to Hospitals Treating Cluster of differentiation. Risk calculators and risk factors for Cluster of differentiation.

Symptoms of Cluster of differentiation. Diagnostic studies for Cluster of differentiation. Treatment of Cluster of differentiation. CME Programs on Cluster of differentiation. Cluster of differentiation en Espanol. Cluster of differentiation en Francais. Cluster of differentiation in the Marketplace. Patents on Cluster of differentiation. List of terms related to Cluster of differentiation. The cluster of differentiation CD is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on leukocytes.

CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands the molecule that activates a receptor important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell see cell signaling.

Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signalling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies mAbs generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the surface molecules of leukocytes white blood cells. Since then, its use has expanded to many other cell types, and more than CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. The proposed surface molecule is assigned a CD number once two specific monoclonal antibodies mAb are shown to bind to the molecule.