When was the mmse developed

The participants' baseline characteristics were summarized using means and standard deviations or frequencies and percentages, as appropriate. Comparisons between groups were performed using t-test for independent samples or Chi-square, as appropriate. Uni and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to specify the association between dementia dependent variable and SMMSE independent variable adjusted on baseline characteristics.

Sensitivity analysis consisted of building a receiver operator curve ROC by computing the sensitivity and specificity of each SMMSE score from 0 to 6 , to determine the most discriminated threshold maximizing both sensitivity and specificity Figure 1.

All statistics were performed using SPSS version The diagnosis of dementia included There was no significant between-group difference regarding the other clinical characteristics. The ROC curve showed an area of 0. The SMMSE appears to be a good new screening test for dementia among older adults presenting with a memory complaint. AD has been identified as the most prevalent dementia in older adults, which was the case in our studied sample [ 1 ].

Because memory impairments are highly prevalent in AD, it is not surprising that a test based on memory may screen dementia with a high predictive value [ 1 , 11 ].

SMMSE thus assesses not only episodic memory encoding and retrieval phase but also semantic memory, attention and probably executive functions deficit. In clinical practice, when older patients present with a memory complaint, the first issue is to make a diagnosis and determine whether they are demented or not.

A screening test able to identify patient who have dementia is therefore of prime importance for daily practice [ 1 , 11 ]. The SMMSE could thus be used in clinical practice as an efficient screening test for dementia in older adults with a memory complaint. The second issue in primary care settings is related to the under-diagnosis of dementia [ 1 — 3 ]. Several explanations account for this problem which is not only due to the lack of diagnostic skill, but rather to a pressure on time [ 3 ].

Because MMSE takes up to 20 minutes to complete, it may not be practical in primary care practice. As a consequence, SMMSE could be proposed to general practitioners as a fast screening tool for dementia. Our findings showed that DI were older than CHI and that age was significantly associated with dementia.

This was in concordance with previous studies as it is long known that the primary risk factor of dementia is the advance in age [ 6 , 7 , 11 ]. We also reported that there were no association between the female gender or the use of psychoactive drugs and the diagnosis of dementia. These results were discordant with some previous published data having identified female gender as a risk factor of dementia [ 12 ]. Furthermore, demented patients frequently use psychoactive drugs due to behavioral disorders [ 13 ].

An explanation for our mixed results could rely on the fact that both groups of participants were old in our study, with a proportion of females using psychoactive drugs that is usually high among this population [ 14 ].

This phenomenon could mask the classical associations with gender and psychoactive drugs in our sample of demented patients. Our study has several limitations. First, we used of a case control design which may limit the exploration of the association between SMMSE score and dementia, compared to a cohort design.

Second, although we were able to control for many confounders likely to modify the relationship between SMMSE score and dementia, residual potential confounders may still be present. SMMSE seems to be a short screening test for dementia in older adults with memory complaint.

Further research is needed to confirm its predictive values in primary care older patients. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the U. Ann Intern Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar. J Clin Epidemiol. Primary care and dementia: 1. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.

J Psychiatr Res. American Psychiatric Association. C, fourth. Google Scholar. La maladie d'Alzheimer et ses limites. Edited by: D Leys et, Petit H.

Ed Masson, It is most commonly used by clinicians in a medical setting to assess for dementia, where it is administered serially to assess the effect of time on the progression of dementia. It is a item screening tool which takes approximately 10 min to complete by a trained administrator.

A score of 25 and over indicates normal cognition. Skip to main content Skip to table of contents. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine Edition. Editors: Marc D. Gellman, J. Rick Turner. Its main use is for screening for cognitive impairment, which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. The MMSE is also used for follow-up of cognitive changes in patients suffering from dementia and as a research instrument for assessing the efficacy of drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease.

The MMSE examines orientation, immediate and short-term memory, attention and calculation, language and praxis.