What is the difference between canal and foramen

There are several surgical options available to create more space in the spinal canal, decompress pinched nerves and reduce spinal inflammation.

Some surgical options can be performed as minimally invasive procedures , which have fewer risks and a shorter recovery time than invasive surgeries. Integrity Spine and Orthopedics specializes in providing general orthopedic care, pain management services and minimally invasive spinal procedures to patients with a range of spine and joint conditions. For patients with nerve compression caused by spinal stenosis, minimally invasive lumbar decompression may be able to help ease pain and discomfort, and the procedure has fewer risks and requires less recovery time than more invasive spinal surgeries.

To schedule an appointment, or to ask our staff about receiving a free MRI review , call us today at Bone fracture repair is a natural process — the human body has an incredible ability to regrow new bone after a break.

However, fractures must be placed in the optimal environment to ensure a proper and complete healing. Fracture treatment depends on the location, severity and type of fracture you sustain.

Some fractures can … Continued. A bulging disc is a common, age-related spine injury. The spine is made up of stacked vertebrae with spinal discs sitting between each one. The tough discs provide cushioning, support, and shock absorption and movement to the vertebrae. Each disc is made up of an outer ring annulus fibrosus and inner, jelly-like core nucleus pulposus.

It was scary, and you felt a little shaken up afterward, but you walked away from the scene unharmed and feeling fine. Bone spurs also called osteophytes are overgrowths of bone that form along bone edges — usually around joints.

Bone spur development is an immune system response. When your body detects an area of damage or … Continued. Forssell et al. View at: Google Scholar H. Al-Mahalawy, H. Al-Aithan, B. Al-Kari, B. Al-Jandan, and S. Yoshida, T. Nagamine, T. Kobayashi et al. Prado, F. Groppo, M. Volpato, and P. Alves and N. Da Fontoura, H. Vasconcellos, and A. Trost, V. Salignon, N. Cheynel, G. Malka, and P.

Amorim, F. Prado, C. Borini et al. View at: Google Scholar L. Anderson, T. Kosinski, and P. Cheung, Y. Leung, L. Chow, M.

Wong, E. Chan, and Y. View at: Google Scholar J. Gargallo-Albiol, R. Buenechea-Imaz, and C. Kipp, B. Goldstein, and W. Weiss Jr. Carmichael and D. Falkine, A. Rossi, A. Freire et al. Bruce, G. Frederickson, and G. Ceballos, J. Deana, and N. Fuentes, M. Cantin, P. Navarro, E. Borie, V. Beltran, and C. Pyun, Y. Lim, M. Ahn, and J. Verma, N. Bansal, R. Khosa et al. Chkoura and W. Parnami, D.

Gupta, V. Arora, S. Bhalla, A. Kumar, and R. Thakare, A. Mhapuskar, D. Hiremutt, V. Giroh, K. Kalyanpur, and K. View at: Publisher Site Google Scholar. More related articles. Download other formats More. Related articles. D1 x D2. D3 x D4. D6 x D7. Females years. The atlantic part of the vertebral artery is shown laying in grooves on the superior surface of the posterior arch of the atlas.

The spinal cord has been transected at the level of the third cervical segment. Ventral and dorsal rootlets of the C3 spinal nerve are visible. Between these rootlets and continuing inferiorly are the denticulate ligaments, white glistening condensations of pia mater that connect the lateral borders of the cord to the spinal dura.

The dorsal rootlets of C2 segment consolidate to form the dorsal root of the C2 spinal nerve. This root ends in a swelling, the dorsal root or spinal ganglion, near the intervertebral foramen. It joins the ventral root to form the definitive C2 spinal nerve. The sphenoid sinus SS is an important structure in ventral skull base surgeries that is not only the natural route for access to the sellar, parasellar, suprasellar and clival regions, but also a path of access to Meckel's cave and the middle cranial fossa.

It is surrounded by several vital anatomical structures including the internal carotid arteries, optic nerve and cranial nerves inside the cavernous sinus. The surgical window to the middle cranial fossa is located in the pterygoid body of the sphenoid bone. The SS is present as a small cavity at birth, but its main development takes place after puberty. In early life, it extends posteriorly into the presellar area and subsequently expands into the area below and behind the sella turcica, reaching its full size during adolescence.

As the sinus enlarges, it may partially encircle the optic canals. When the sinus is exceptionally large, it extends into the roots of the pterygoid processes or greater wing of the sphenoid bone and may even extend into the basilar part of the occipital bone. In the well-pneumatized SS, only a thin layer of bone may separate the sinus from important contiguous structures.

The close proximity of these neurovascular structures with potentially very thin bony separation or even bony dehiscence contributes to the clinical importance of these anatomical relationships. Few studies used thin-cut 1 mm CT data to study the pneumatization of the lateral sphenoid or pterygoid recess. As such, new paradigms of anatomical relationships have evolved into instrumental landmarks to the endoscopic skull base surgeon.

Alongside the past development of endoscopic sinus surgery, knowledge about the anatomy of the sinuses has become crucial for surgeons.

The SS is one of the most variable of all sinuses. Its relations to vital vascular and nervous elements make its approach a challenge for endoscopic surgeons. Individualization and analyze of SS is difficult and necessitates a precise and adapted technique, as well as knowledge of its properties anatomical relationships.

Even though computer tomography CT opened then era of detailed morphological studies, due to lack of sufficient and precise literature in vicinity and properties of the FR, we designed this anatomical study to evaluate normal CT scans of patients, record and analyze distances and angles. The goal of this study was to present a classification based on the measurement indexes in the coronal plane that can be used to instruct preoperative planning for endoscopic endonasal surgery.

The information of patients remained confidential and was only used for research purposes. This retrospective cross-sectional study was designed on adult patients who underwent paranasal sinuses PNS CT scan 3 mm slices thickness for any reason, from June to November in Hazrat-e-Rasool Akram Hospital a tertiary-care medical center Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Exclusion criteria included individuals younger than 18 years of age or with known skull base pathology including maxillofacial fractures, sinonasal tumors or polyposis, disruption of the skull base or notable rhinosinusitis inflammatory changes that precluded visualization of skull base anatomy. For each included patient, we obtained measurements from both the right and left sides using MacroPACS software in both axial and coronal planes.

The first coronal image section at which both the VC and FR were visualized was chosen for the quantitative analysis. This section as determined on axial and sagittal images was usually at the midpoint of sphenoid sinus Fig.

The coronal section at which both the vidian canal and foramen rotundum are visualized usually at the midpoint of sphenoid sinus. We measured several morphometric parameters according to an imaginary midline vertical to the rostrum Fig.

Distances from midline to right and left FRs;. Direct distance between the VC and the FR on each side;. Right and left rotundum angles calculated as the angle between the imaginary line connecting FR to VC and vertical line passing the VC. Measurement indexes of the study. Position of the FR regarding to base of lateral pterygoid plate defined as Fig. Medial — when FR is placed medially regard the lateral pterygoid plate;. Lateral — when FR is placed laterally regard the lateral pterygoid plate.

Sphenoid sinus pneumatization classification according to the imaginary line connecting foramen rotundum to vidian canal; white lines right, lateral recess; left, tangent and position of the FR regarding to base of lateral pterygoid plate; red lines right and left, online R, right. Tangent — when the sinus is pneumatized tangent to the imaginary line;. Less pneumatized — when the sinus is pneumatized medial to the imaginary line. Mid-sphenoid position was defined according to the space below the mid-sphenoid coronal section that is nasopharyngeal, choana or nasal cavity.

Three types of FR defined as the following Fig. Type IIb — when FR is tangent to the sinus wall;. NP, nasopharyngeal; C, choana. Type 2 — when VC is on the floor of the sphenoid sinus or partially protruding into the sphenoid sinus;. Type 3 — when VC is completely embedded in the sphenoid corpus.

The classification used for the types of FR is created by ourselves but the VC classification was adopted from Lee et al. Quantitative variables including distances expressed as mean and standard deviation SD. The Student's t test and pared T -test were used to determine statistical significance between right and left distances. The null hypothesis assumed no difference between the groups tested. A total number of one-hundred patients with the mean age of Half of the patients 50 cases were male.

Average right FR to right VC distance were 5. Average left FR to left VC distance were 5. Measurements index of foramen rotundum distances toward midline axis, vidian canal and base of lateral pterygoid plate. Types of vidian canal and foramen rotundum. Right and left FRs positions in relation to base of lateral pterygoid plate. The results of this study provides a radiological review about the anatomical relationships of the SS and FR with the other anatomical landmarks of the area such as VC and base of lateral pterygoid plate which can take into accounts for sphenoid endoscopic and other surgical procedures of the area.

We have described the radiographic anatomy of the FR in terms of distance from the midline axis and the types of FRs and VCs. In CT scans interpreted in the coronal plane, the FR was found to have asymmetrically distances from the midline axis, as shown in Table 1.